Mr. Ernest Hallen, the official photographer of the Commission. 3. The book contains the beautiful, colored Bird's-eye View of the Canal Zone, made under the direction of the National Geographic Society, as well as the black-and-white official map of the Canal. 4. The extensive index was prepared by Mr. G. Thomas Ritchie, of the staff of the Library of Congress. 5. The final proofs were revised by Mr. Howard E. Sherman, of the Government Printing Office, to conform with the typographical style of the United States Government. "The American Government," by the same author, was read by millions of Americans, and still holds the record as the world's best seller among all works of its kind. * * * * * [Illustration: ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Courtesy, National Geographic Magazine, Washington, D. C. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE PANAMA CANAL Copyright, 1913, by the J. N. Matthews Co., Buffalo, N. Y.] THE PANAMA CANAL by FREDERIC J. HASKIN Author of "The American Government," etc. [Illustration: logo] Illustrated from photographs taken by ERNEST ALLEN Official Photographer of the Isthmian Canal Commission Garden City New York Doubleday, Page & Company 1913 Copyright, 1913, by Doubleday, Page & Company All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian Press of J. J. Little & Ives Co. New York PREFACE The primary purpose of this book is to tell the layman the story of the Panama Canal. It is written, therefore, in the simplest manner possible, considering the technical character of the great engineering feat itself, and the involved complexities of the diplomatic history attaching to its inception and undertaking. The temptation to turn aside into the pleasant paths of the romantic history of ancient Panama has been resisted; there is no attempt to dispose of political problems that incidentally concern the canal; in short, the book is confined to the story of the canal itself, and the things that are directly and vitally connected with it. Colonel Goethals was good enough to read and correct the chapters relating to the construction of the canal, and, when shown a list of the chapters proposed, he asked that the one headed "The Man at the Helm" be omitted. The author felt that to bow to his wishes in that matter would be to fail to tell the whole story of the canal, and so Colonel Goethals did not read that chapter. Every American is proud of the great national achievement at Panama. If, in the case of the individual, this book is able to supplement that pride by an ample fund of knowledge and information, its object and purpose will have been attained. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The grateful acknowledgments of the author are due to Mr. William Joseph Showalter for his valuable aid in gathering and preparing the material for this book. Acknowledgments are also due to Colonel George W. Goethals, chairman and chief engineer of the Isthmian Canal Commission, for reading and correcting those chapters in the book pertaining to the engineering phases of the work; to Mr. Ernest Hallen, the official photographer of the Commission, for the photographs with which the book is illustrated; to Mr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, editor of the _National Geographic Magazine_, for permission to use the bird's-eye view map of the canal; to Mr. G. Thomas Ritchie, of the Library of Congress, for assistance in preparing the index; and to Mr. Howard E. Sherman, of the Government Printing Office, for revising the proofs to conform with the typographical style of the United States Government. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. The Land Divided--The World United 3 II. Greatest Engineering Project...